Undercount: When 311 Reports Aren’t Problems

Field notes

Undercount uses Toronto’s 2025 311 Service Requests file, covering 500,269 rows from January through December. Its method separates location precision from deduplication: most requests identify only a postal district, limiting which records can be compared geographically. The project also documents a Bathurst Street vehicle-noise cluster arriving at 43–46 second intervals and treats it as an automated-submitter artifact rather than resident demand. Ward income attributes are joined only after the main counts are complete.